GRAMMAR
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Farmers in many countries utilize antibiotics in two key ways: at full strength to treat animals that are sick and in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the proper use of antibiotics can inadvertently lead to the spread of drug resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just enough antibiotic to kill some but not all bacteria.The germs that survive are typically those that happen to bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes with other microbial resisters. As bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in animals eventually find their way into people as well. You could not design a better system for guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance. To cease the spread, Denmark enforced tighter rules on the use of antibiotics in the raising of poultry and other farm animals.The lesson is that improving animal husbandry – making sure that pens, stalls and cages are properly cleaned and giving animals more room or time to mature – offsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic use.
- Pek çok ülkede çiftçiler antibiyotiklerden iki temel şekilde faydalanmaktadır: (1) hasta olan hayvanları tedavi etmek için tam dozda ve (2) et üretimi için beslenen çiftlik hayvanlarına kilo aldırmak veya veterinerlik gerektiren hastalıkları engellemek için düşük dozlarda.Her ne kadar antibiyotiklerin düzgün bir şekilde kullanılması bile ilaca karşı dirençli bakterilerin istenmeden yayılmasına sebep olsa da, düşük dozda kullanma alışkanlığı felakete giden bir yolu ifade eder: tedavi, bakterilerin tamamını değil de bir kısmını öldürecek kadar antibiyotik sağlamaktadır.Yok olmayan mikroplar tipik olarak antibiyotiğe dirençli olabilmek için gerekli genetik mutasyona sahip olanlardır. Bunlar daha sonra çoğalıp mikroplara karşı direnen diğerleriyle gen değişimi yaparlar . Bakteriler kelimenin tam manasıyla her yerde bulunduklarından dolayı, hayvanlarda üreyen dirençli cinsler bir şekilde insanların da içine girme yolunu bulmaktadır. Antibiyotik direncinin yayılmasını garanti eden daha iyi bir sistem tasarlayamazdınız. Yayılmayı durdurmak için Danimarka, kümes ve diğer çiftlik hayvanlarının yetiştirilmesinde antibiyotik kullanımına ilişkin daha sıkı kurallar getirmiştir. Çıkarılması gereken ders şudur: besiciliğin geliştirilmesi, yani ağılların, ahırların ve kümeslerin düzgün bir şekilde temizlenmesinin sağlanması ve hayvanlara olgunlaşabilmeleri için daha çok zaman ve daha çok alan sunulması, antibiyotik kullanımını sınırlamanın başlangıçtaki olumsuz etkisini dengelemektedir.
It is understood from the passage that ----.
A) farmers mainly prefer using antibiotics as a
preventive measure for diseases
B) antibiotics are merely useful in treating the
contagious diseases of farm animals
C) continuous and heavy doses of antibiotics are crucial
for poultry
D) antibiotics are so far the only effective method to
fatten up meat-producing animals
E) poultry prices are affected by the spread of contagious diseases
It is implied in the passage that ----.
A) widespread use of antibiotics is intended to eliminate the chances of a possible pandemic
B) using a low dose antibiotic compared to a heavy dose is highly recommended for farmers
C) human beings should test the efficacy of using antibiotics on other animals before using them on
poultry
D) increased antibiotic resistance in human beings is due to the consumption of animal products with
antibiotic content antibiotic resistance in poultry animals has led
E) scientists to find alternative solutions to fight off these bacteria
Most cultures have their own foundation myths to explain -----.
A) how long the world had been in existence
B) why society is as it is
C) so as to satisfy their curiosity concerning how the world began
D) what has been happening in still earlier times
E) unless there was no trace of any former inhabitants
His hearing problem not only was permanent, but was getting ____ worse.
A) recklessly
B) confidentially
C) productively
D) progressively
E) synthetically
His mother's death when he was aged six had a very ____effect on him.
A) current
B) persistent
C) beneficial
D) excessive
E) profound
---- for human beings have a strong need to put their experiences and problems into words.
A) It allows too much time for the concentration to fail when listening
B) To be a good listener requires great skills of concentration to be gained through practice
C) Listening is a complex skill as well as often such a hard task
D) The average speed is about 125 words per minute, which is not fast enough for the brain
E) Everyone appreciates someone who is willing to listen to their troubles and joys
The object of the air traffic control officers is to achieve the highest densities in all parts of the controlled air space that is consistent with safety and the elimination of collision risks. ______ . The amounts of the separation are partly dependent upon the means available for determining accurately the position and course of the various aircraft.
A) For purposes of air traffic control, air space is divided and then subdivided.
B) Military aviation originally held itself outside any air traffic control but for a long time now this has not been practicable
C) They, therefore, direct the captains of aircraft so as to maintain adequate vertical and horizontal separation between aircraft
D) As these are within controlled air space a pilot intending to fly along them must file a flight plan
E) The “flight progress strip” gives an indication of what is happening to any aircraft in the area
Cycling (22) _____ more and more popular and people from nearly all ages take up this sport which both enables muscle exercise and pass enjoyable time. Everybody can get a bicycle and some equipment such as helmets and gloves and begin the sport after a brief riding (23) _____. If you know how to balance your body, then there will be no problem. Cycling is quite suitable for parents and children, they will enjoy it especially in spring, (24) _____ they can ride (25) _____ the countryside on their bikes, enjoying themselves, getting fresh air and also exercising (26) _____.
22.
A) becomes
B) had become
C) is becoming
D) will have become
E) will become
(I) Infants all over the world begin to smile at about the same age. (II) Whether they are born in a remote African village or in a middle class American home, it seems to make no difference. (III) Unfortunately, this usually occurs when they see familiar faces or hear familiar voices (IV) This suggests that age is more important in determining the onset of smiling than are the conditions of rearing. (V) Moreover, blind babies smile at about the same age as sighted-infants, suggesting it is an innate response.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
The most imported idea of the 19th century was that everyone had the right to personal freedom, which was the basis of capitalism. The idea had spread widely through Adam Smith’s book ”Wealth of Nations” written in the 18th century. ______ . Fewer laws they claimed, meant more freedom and freedom for individuals would lead to happiness for the greatest number of people.
A) The British government at this time was reluctant to make use of his ideas
B) The result was a number of laws were passed to prevent people from carrying guns
C) Obviously, Adam Smith was well-informed about working conditions in the factories
D) After Adam Smith, several capitalist economists argued that governments shouldn’t interfere in the trade and industry at all
E) By the turn of the 20th century, capitalism had grown less popular outside England
The gondola has been a part of
23.
A) slight B) habitual C) relevant
D) cheerful E) favourable
Moisture is removed from humid air by mountains, which force the air to rise. As it gains altitude, the air cools, clouds form, and precipitation occurs, primarily on the windward slopes of the mountains. As the air mass moves down on the other side of the mountain, it is warmed, thereby lessening the chance of
precipitation of any remaining moisture. This situation exists on the west coast of North America, where precipitation falls on the western slopes of mountains that are close to the coast. The dry lands on the sides of the mountains away from the prevailing wind are called “rain shadows.” Generally, differences in
elevation, in the steepness and direction of slopes, and in exposure to sunlight and prevailing winds may produce local variations in climate known as “microclimates,” which can be quite different from their overall surroundings. For an organism, the microclimate of its habitat is of primary importance, because that is the climate an organism actually experiences and knows how to cope with.
As pointed out in the passage,microclimates ----.
A) can best be observed along the west coast of
America where precipitation is high
B) occur as a result of differences in the geographical features and conditions of an area
C) show a great deal of variety in the North American dry lands known as “rain shadows”
D) create a secure environment for organisms that prefer to live in areas with adequate precipitation
E) are not affected by prevailing winds because of the steepness and direction of mountain slopes
School bus stop laws are laws dictating what a motorist must do ___ the nearby area of a bus stop being used ____ a school bus or other bus.
A) upon/in
B) until/at
C) in/by
D) up to/of
E) before/from
As my secretary will be away for a couple of days would you be kind enough to ______ my correspondence?
A) play back B) bring off
C) take care of D) return to
E) turn off
By the 'tiny elite that cannot be sacked' of the passage is meant -----.
A) families running small businesses at the base of the 'control pyramids'
B) the non-family share-holders
C) the high-ranking employees of the big corporations
D) the few billionaire families who own and rule the major corporations
E) families without economic and political prerogatives
(I) Romania is perhaps most famous abroad for being the home of Dracula, the famous
creation of the Irish writer Bram Stoker. (II) So, when you visit Romania you may like to visit Bran Castle which was built in 1377. (III) However, while the story is fiction, the character is based on a Romanian prince called Vlad Dracula because of his cruelty towards his enemies. (IV) On one occasion he is supposed to have sat down to a meal to enjoy the spectacle of some prisoners having their arms and legs cut off. (V) He asked for their blood to be collected and brought to him as a dip for his bread.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
The government and the central bank have expressed their trust in the resilience of the Turkish economy against ____ shocks.
A) external
B) promising
C) reasonable
D) coherent
E) logical
The first two paragraphs ____ the particular requirements of the digital environment as the source of data and as a means of producing maps and other visualizations.
A) lay emphasis on
B) run out of
C) break through
D) stop short of
E) look down on
When an unknown but gifted artist is finally recognised, his paintings can become valuable ______ in the future.
A) sales
B) accounts
C) rates
D) interests
E) assets
Geographical Information System tools provide specialized functions for spatial data input, processing, analysis and output, ---Database Management System tools provide more advanced functions for storing and managing large spatial databases.
A) that
B) due to
C) while
D) whether
E) in that
“The temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface is warmed through a natural process called the greenhouse effect. Visible, shortwave light comes from the sun to the earth, passing unimpeded through a blanket of thermal, or
greenhouse, gases composed largely of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Infrared radiation reflects off the planet’s surface toward space but does not easily pass through the thermal blanket. Some of it is trapped and reflected downward, keeping the planet at an average temperature suitable to life, about 16 centigrade. Growth industry, agriculture, and transportation since the Industrial Revolution has produced additional quantities of the natural greenhouse gases plus chloro-fluorocarbons and other gases, augmenting the thermal blanket and this has caused what we call global warming today.”
1. It is implied in the passage that global warming ----.
A) has been abundant ever since the earth was formed
B) has been very useful for the living things on earth
C) is a natural process through which the sun rays coming from the sun is filtered and made suitable for the earth
D) is the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases
E) keeps other living things carry on their lives properly
After the 1972 decision, many state legislatures passed new capital punishment laws _______ to satisfy the Supreme Court's requirements.
A) examined
B) rolled
C) designed
D) defended
E) relaxed
Many show flowers do not ____ at the same time of year.
A) beam
B) bloom
C) bail
D) baffle
E) base
......... The faltering economy they inherited was now under additional pressure from those newly unemployed, including the million-man army of the former regime. There were critical shortages of foreign exchange and gold, much of which had been stolen in the final days of the war. There were also at least two million new refugees, nearly 10% of the population. Virtually, the country was in a stole of total bankruptcy.
A) The end of the war in Vietnam brought massive problems to the new leaders of the country
B) In the first place, all industry was nationalised by the new Vietnamese government
C) One unexpected problem facing the new government was continuing military activity
D) One solution to the urban problems facing Vietnam was continuing military activity
E) In their first months in power Vietnam’s new leaders succeeded in persuading hundreds of thousands of people to move back to their farms
25.
A) a lot
B) hardly
C) quite
D) by far
E) well
A company in Sweden is claiming to have designed a system ___
A) which largest solar-power plant officially was opened in a desert
B) that can convert 34% of sunlight into solar energy
C) as more financing options are being offered to make solar panels
D) because so many years ago the idea of a renewable energy
E) if the Sun was the source of new electricity generation capacity
(I) The entrance of the
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
A) steps down
B) makes out
C) runs out
D) holds up
E) points out
Differences in temperature caused by variations in the (17)---- of solar energy at different locations drive the circulation of the atmosphere. The warm surface (18)---- the equator heats the air with which it comes into contact, causing this air to expand and rise. (19)---- the warm air rises, it flows away from the equator, cools, and sinks again. (20)---- of it recirculates back to the same areas which it originally (21)----, but the remainder flows towards the poles, where eventually it is chilled. Similar upward movements of warm air and its subsequent flow towards the poles occur at higher altitudes.
19.
A) As B) Although C) Just as
D) As long as E) Even if
____ , the population of Vienna increased sharply.
A) Even though many of Vienna's famous parks include monuments
B) When they used it against Germanic tribes
C) Although they were rebuilding ties with their Eastern neighbours
D) If the city itself is composed of 23 districts
E) Due to the industrialization and immigration from other parts of the Empire
Under ____ environmental conditions Bacteria will form an endospore to help it survive.
A) adverse
B) afraid
C) reluctant
D) partial
E) erroneous
For the world’s automotive industry, this year’s
A) lift B) purchase
C) relate D) conduct
E) satisfy
Research centres should encourage ____ interaction among the people who work there.
A) contagious
B) creative
C) corporate
D) credible
E) contradictory
Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most important figures of the 17th century scientific revolution, is said to have been actually insane ----.
A) however this made no difference to him to have a calm discussion with anyone
B) as he once flew into an uncontrollable rage when he had a letter criticizing his theory
C) if he had not lost his temper as soon as he heard something that he disagreed with
D) and have also been the discovery of the three laws of motion
E) for this reason he lived a large part of his life isolated from other scientists
Two different ____ of shampoo may vary only in scent and colour.
A) breakages
B) breaths
C) brands
D) bribes
E) braces
Because minerals are defined as specific chemicals with a crystalline structure, they have both ---- chemical and physical properties.
A) obsolete
B) sociable
C) distinctive
D) urban
E) worthless
Since there ------nothing in the way of pay rises or bonuses for two to three years, the new taxes ------a great deal of distress.
A) had been / caused
B) has been / had caused
C) will be / would have caused
D) would have been / are going to cause
E) will have been / are causing