Soru 1 : In 1764, there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in
America. The British government continued to think
of the colonists as British subjects. In 1700, there had
been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number
rose to 2.5 million. Obviously, such large numbers
needed to be dealt with carefully. Some American
colonists decided that it was not lawful for the British
government to tax them without their agreement.
Political opinion in Britain was divided. Some felt that
the tax was fair because the money would be used to
pay for the defence of the American colonies against
French attack. But several important politicians
agreed with the colonists that there should be “no
taxation without representation”. Hence, in 1773, at
the port of Boston, a group of colonists threw a
shipload of tea into the sea rather than pay tax on it.
The event became known as “the Boston Tea Party”.
The British government responded by closing the
port. But the colonists then decided to prevent British
goods from entering America until the port was
opened again. The colonists’ action was regarded as
a rebellion, and the British government decided to
defeat it by force. Thus, the American War of
Independence got underway. The war lasted from
1775 until 1783. The British government had no
respect for the colonists’ fighting ability. The result
was a disastrous defeat for the British forces. At the
end of the war, Britain lost all the American colonies
except Canada.
It is stated in the passage that, within a period of almost three quarters of a century, ----.
A) Britain and France got into a fierce competition in
order to colonize a very large part of America
B) Britain lost the war against the American
colonies and had to grant their independence
C) Canada grew demographically well ahead of the
other American colonies
D) Britain’s trade with the American colonies
reached a level well above all expectations
E) the population of the American colonies
increased to more than ten times the original
number
Cevap 1 : E
Çözüm 1 : parçada verilen “. In 1700, there had
been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number
rose to 2.5 million.” İfadesinden Amerika’daki sömürgeci sayısının çeyrek asırda on misline çıktığı anlaşılmaktadır.
“It is stated in the passage that, within a period of
almost three quarters of a century, the population of the American colonies increased to more than ten times the original number” ifadesiyle E şıkkı bunu desteklemektedir.
Soru 2 : ___ where the instructor acts as the primary information giver.
A) When I left the meeting at the centre
B) These learners required physical activity to learn
C) The lecture method is a teaching method&
D) Online courses were offered through platforms
E) As long as the lecture lasted for two hours
Cevap 2 : C
Soru 3 :
Cevap 3 :
Soru 4 : Russian president Vladimir Putin says Moscow has developed missiles ____ of penetrating any defence system.
A) visible
B) convertible
C) incredible
D) capable
E) possible
Cevap 4 : D
Soru 5 : Soccer's many creative possibilities ___ in part from its being played on such a large field.
A) consist
B) derive
C) entail
D) claim
E) conclude
Cevap 5 : B
Soru 6 : (I) Chemistry is the science of the elements and their compounds. (II) It is concerned with the laws of their combination and behaviour under various conditions. (III) This term is usually restricted to mean the use in war or poisonous gases. (IV) It had its roots in alchemy and has gradually developed into a science of vast magnitude and importance. (V) Its major fields are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and physical chemistry.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Cevap 6 : C
Çözüm 6 : Parça, Kimya ;ona dair yapılan tanımlamalar ve bu alana giren konularla ilgilidir.Ancak sınırlı anlamıyla savaşlarda kullanılan zehirli gazlar olarak tanımlandığından bahseden cümle parçaya uymamaktadır.
Soru 7 : It was a cold winter day in December, my cousin who lived in California was visiting us and was here to take of his own business (22) _____ is in located in Downtown. My mom was cooking, my brother was sleeping, my dad was watching television and I was (23) _____ my friend getting ready to go out. It seemed like any other normal day with no expectations of what was (24) _____ happen. My mom had called my cousin to ask him what he wanted for dinner, he joked around with my mom, like usual, and told her what he wanted to eat. About ten minutes later the phone rings and my brother picks, he quietly walked to the bathroom after hanging up, the phone rings again (25) _____ this time my dad picks up, after a minute I hear my mom (26) _____ and screaming.
22.
A) who B) where
C) why D) whoever
E) which
Cevap 7 : A
Soru 8 : .............., the population of Vienna increased sharply.
A) Even though many of Vienna's famous parks include monuments
B) When they used it against Germanic tribes
C) Although they were rebuilding ties with their Eastern neighbours
D) If the city itself is composed of 23 districts
E) Due to the industrialization and immigration from other parts of the Empire
Cevap 8 : E
Soru 9 : In feudal Japan, the za were any — the mercantile or craft associations that flourished —1100 and 1590.
A) in /up to B) at/through C) of/between
D) over/ before E) under /from
Cevap 9 : C
Çözüm 9 : İkinci boşluktan sonra “1100 and 1590” tarihleri verilmiş ve “and” bağlacı ile bağlandığından boşluğa gelecek tek yapı “between:iki işey arası” olacaktır.
Ayrıca birinci boşlukta “any of the mercantile” herhangi bir ticaret filosu” bir isim tamlamasını oluşturduğu için “of” ilgeci burada kullanılır
Soru 10 :
Cevap 10 :
Çözüm 10 : açlık çekmek, açlıktan ölmek…
to become sick or die because you do not have enough food, or to make someone sick or die because they do not have enough food:
Many people have starved to death in parts of Africa.
Soru 11 : Police officer :
May I please see your license
and registration, sir?
Driver :
I’m sorry, but what seems to
be the problem officer?
Police officer :
----
Driver :
I absolutely wasn’t and I refuse to pay any ticket for it.
A) It doesn’t look like you’re car is going to start. Would you like me to call a tow truck
for you?
B) I know and I’m terribly sorry for it, but can’t you give me a warning this time?
C) No problem, I know you’re just trying to do your job.
D) I stopped you to inform you that one of your
tail lights is out and that you have to get it fixed immediately.
E) I pulled you over for speeding, but I’m sure you’re aware of this.
E
Soru 12 : Among the Gulf states, it is the UAE that most ____ to become a major global investor.
Cevap 12 : aspires
Soru 13 : A native of New York finds that her home city sets very high standards for other cities to reach. However, one still can not help comparing New York with London, and feel that London matches up to it as there are always things to see and do, and the unexpected often happens. It is an interesting city to walk around; whereas the streets of Manhattan are laid out on a grid pattern, London has a disorganised, self-evolved city plan, mapping out the historical growth of the once huge trading port which is now one of the most important cultural centres of Europe. London doesn’t rely merely on its historical reputation as one of the great European capitals, but has actually improved with age. A positive aspect of living in London is the refreshing freedom from officialdom. The wide variety of entertainment in London proves it to be a city which is young at heart. You can appreciate the cultural opportunities, such as the major art exhibitions, which are far less frequent in other European cities. The green spaces in London, large parks, gardens, tree-lined avenues and birds all introduce a little of the countryside, whereas in New York there is a sharp contrast between city and the country. Most people are impressed by the way the new London – a very up-to-date city – is used to complement the old, and cites the computerised information service at all public places. London has a calmer way of life and less tension than New York or other European capitals, although the city might be regarded as fashionably ‘laid back’ by youngsters. It wouldn’t be an exaggeration to say that there are many outsiders who have grown fond of the English capital and have come to value its variety and liveliness, as well as the cheerful friendliness of Londoners.
The author is of the opinion that ................
A) New York is an incomparable city regarding its touristic sights
B) London and New York are two cities that can never be similar in any way
C) one can be content with living in London just as much as living in New York
D) there is not much going on in London as it is an old city
E) it is so easy to lose your way in London
Cevap 13 : C
Soru 14 :
Cevap 14 :
Soru 15 :
Cevap 15 :
Soru 16 : Sumer consisted of independent city-states, which were separated from each other (17) ---- canals and stones that marked the boundaries. The temple around which they (18) ---- was dedicated to the god of the city and the ruler was (19) ---- a priest or a king, (20) ---- was the supreme religious authority. The major cities were Lagash, Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Nippur, and Kish. As they developed, each tried to (21) ---- the others.
18.
A) centred
B) were centring
C) had centred
D) have been centred
E) were centred
A
Soru 17 : Gregor Mendel was not the first plant breeder. At the time he began his work, hybrid plants and animals had been known for a long time. Mendel’s genius lay in his ability to recognize a pattern in the way the parental traits reappear in the offspring of hybrids. ----
A) It is true that Mendel was a clergyman who bred pea plants in his monastery garden at Brno,
Czech Republic.
B) Therefore, at that time biology was largely a descriptive science, and biologists had little
interest in experimental studies.
C) So it is clear that Mendel’s “hereditary factors” are essentially what we call “genes” today, which
is one of the major subjects of modern biology.
D) In fact, geneticists study not only the transmission of genes, but also the expression of
genetic information.
E) No one before him had categorized and counted the offspring and analyzed these regular patterns
over several generations.
Cevap 17 : E
Çözüm 17 : Boşluktan önceki cümlede verilen “a Pattern” kelimesi sonuç cümlesinde de yer almalı. “he offspring of hybrids” yerine son cümlede “patterns over several generations.” İfadesi verimiştir.Boşluğa gelecek cümle “past perfect” yapıda olabilir.Çünkü paragrafta “animals had been known” şeklinde benzer bir ifade kullanılmıştır.Şıkları zaman uyumundan da eleyebiliriz.
İPUÇLARI : recognize a pattern- analyzed traits - these regular patterns
Soru 18 : Only one speaker at the conference suggested _____ solutions to the economic problems of the country.
A) rigid
B) inflexible
C) sensible
D) sturdy
E) unyielding
Cevap 18 : C
Çözüm 18 : Konferansta sadece bir konuşmacı nasıl çözümler önerdi?
Cevap : " sensible solutions: mantıklı çözümler
Soru 19 :
Cevap 19 :
Soru 20 : Bazen dağıtım adı verilen pazarlama, malların ve hizmetin üreticiden tüketiciye taşınması ile ilgili tüm iş faaliyetlerini içerir.
A) All the business activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers are known as marketing or distribution.
B) Distribution, which is sometimes called marketing, consists of all the business activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers.
C) All the business activities which are connected with marketing, which is sometimes called distribution, include activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers.
D) Marketing, which is sometimes called distribution, includes all the business activities connected with the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers.
E) Marketing, which is connected with all the business activities like the movement of the goods and services from producers to consumers, is sometimes called distribution.
Cevap 20 : D
Soru 21 : Because cells are so small, scientists have had to be extremely ____ in devising methods for studying them.
A) celestial
B) central
C) clever
D) chemical
E) cardinal
Cevap 21 : C
Soru 22 : Her ne kadar uykunun tam amacı hala bir sır olarak kalsa da, uyku araştırmacıları uykunun insanlarda ve diğer hayvanlarda nasıl meydana geldiği ve uyku hastalıklarının doğasını anlama konusunda büyük bir ilerleme kaydetmişlerdir.
A) While the exact purpose of sleep is still a mystery, sleep researchers have understood how sleep occurs in humans and in other animals and the nature of sleep disorders to a great extent.
B) While the exact purpose of sleep remains a mystery, sleep researchers have achieved great progress in understanding how sleep occurs in humans and other animals, and the nature of sleep disorders.
C) Although the main reason of sleep is still unknown, sleep researchers have come to understand how sleep occurs in human beings and in animals and the nature of sleep diseases.
D) Despite the fact that the precise reason for sleep remains an enigma, great improvement in understanding how sleep occurs in human beings and other animals and the nature of sleep disorders has been achieved.
E) There is still a shroud of mystery covering the exact purpose of sleep; however, researchers working on this subject have understood how sleep occurs in humans and in other animals, and the nature of sleep disorders to a great extent.
Cevap 22 : B
Soru 23 : All considered the United States has the world’s most efficient overall economy. ______. This increase in efficiency has in part been made possible by the fact that this factor is less heavily unionised than the manufacturing sector.
A) Unfortunately many American car manufacturers have lost a sizeable share of the world market
B) In fact Japan has become one of the biggest exporters of high-tech goods
C) Many American steel plants have entered a period of recession
D) Europe, however, has been making itself more efficient in the service industry
E) Competition from Germany is a treat both to Japan and the US
Cevap 23 : D
Çözüm 23 : Bu parçada Amerika ekonomisi ile Avrupa karşılaştırılıyor. Bu açıdan Avrupa’nın hizmet sektöründen bahsetmek yerinde olacaktır.
Soru 24 :
Cevap 24 :
Çözüm 24 : uygun
Soru 25 : The director will put an advertisement on the Internet, ----.
A) that could colour the very thin wall of a bubble
B) when they will be holding an international event
C) looking for someone who could make a disappearing dye
D) however, no one has applied yet
E) as if they had done a great job last year
Cevap 25 : C
Soru 26 : The general feeling in the court was that several of the witnesses were --- information that could have a direct bearing upon the case.
A) disrupting B) withholding
C) declining D) expressing
E) avoiding
Cevap 26 : B
Çözüm 26 : a) disrupting: rahatsız edici,üzücü
b) withold: tutmak, saklamak
c) decline: azalmak, düşmek
d) express: ifade etmek
e) avoid: kaçınmak
Açıklama Soruda” genel olarak davayı etkileyebilecek bilginin tanıklar tarafından söylenmediği, gizli tutulduğu" ifade edilmektedir. Bir “fiil” sorusu.
İpucu “withhold information: bilinenin açıklanmayıp gizli tutulması
Soru 27 : A trainer can demonstrate the safest and the most ____way to do exercises.
A) effective
B) editorial
C) educational
D) edible
E) ecological
Cevap 27 : A
Soru 28 : I think brand awareness is often the most _____ factor in a purchase decision.
A) diverse
B) inquisitive
C) deficient
D) persuasive
E) refutable
Cevap 28 : D
Çözüm 28 : " decision=karar" kelimesini anlamca tamamlayan " persuasive : ikna edici, kandırıcı" sıfatı olacaktır.
Soru 29 : Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher and scientist who was the student of Plato. He studied many sciences including astronomy to which he contributed many new and unique ideas. ----. Some of these lasted the best of time, standing firm for over 2000 years. He also believed that the central part of the universe was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water each of which had its proper place on earth depending on its specific gravity.
A) He used this common knowledge to further justify his theory
B) The famous philosopher wrote down a collection of the ideas of the ancient Greeks on the universe and included his own opinions
C) Moreover, he justified the Earth being stationary because he believed that the stars were static and did not move D) He also was aware that the Egyptians and Babylonians had observed these facts
E) This theory was accepted as fact until Galileo disproved it with his famous experiment when he dropped weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Cevap 29 : B
Soru 30 : The new assistant seems to have been scolded for not having the photocopier fixed on time.
A) Apparently, the new assistant did not get the photocopier repaired on time, which is why she was told off.
B) The new assistant reprimanded the man in charge of the photocopier for not repairing it.
C) It seems that the new assistant got furious when the photocopier was not fixed on time.
D) The photocopier was mended only after the new assistant was able to submit the documents.
E) No sooner had she called the new assistant than she got the photocopier fixed.
Cevap 30 : A
Soru 31 : Citrus trees thrive on a wide range of soils, but well-drained and slightly acid types are more suitable.
A) The ideal soil for citrus trees is one that is well-drained and rather acidy; they do not do well in other soils.
B) Though citrus trees prefer a well-drained and slightly acid soil, they do well in many other types.
C) Citrus trees grow in many different places, but the soil must always be well-drained and fairly acid.
D) The well-drained and rather acid soil that suits citrus trees is the most common of all soil types.
E) Citrus trees are particular about soil on which they grow and do best on well-drained and slightly acid soil types.
Cevap 31 : B
Çözüm 31 : Aynı anlamı taşıyan “Citrus trees thrive on a wide range of soils: they do well in many other types” ifadeleri doğru yanıtın ‘B’ olduğunu göstermektedir.
Soru 32 : Generally considered to be the greatest composer of the 20th century, Igor Stravinsky’s long life -----continents, cultures and eras.
A) fetched B) reversed C) spanned
D) magnified E) acquired
Cevap 32 : C
Çözüm 32 : Boşluktan sonra gelen nesne durumundaki “continents, cultures and eras “ “kıtaları, kültürleri, çağlar” isim grupları ile bütünleşecek;
cümlecik başındaki “Igor Stravinsky’s long life” “Igor Stravinskysinin uzun ya-şamı “ ile anlamlı bir cümle oluşturacak yüklem C şıkkındaki “span= kapsa-mak”(stretch from one point another) olacaktır. Diğer fiiller anlamca bu boşluğa uygun düşmemektedir.
Soru 33 : On the neatly decorated table were napkins for five people, two ---- seemed to have been used.
A) whose
B) whom
C) of which
D) which
E) of them
Cevap 33 : C
Soru 34 : The genetic fingerprinting technique, which was developed in the UK and is now used as a ---- of legal identification, determines the pattern of certain parts of the genetic material DNA that is unique to each individual.
A) benefit B) structure
C) sufficiency D) combination
E) means
Cevap 34 : E
Çözüm 34 : A) benefit: yarar
B) structure: yapı
C) sufficiency: yeterlilik
D) combination: birleştirme
E) means: araç, yol, tarz, yöntem: way
AÇIKLAMA: E
Bir isim sorusu verilmiş. Buraya gelecek kelime bir isim tamlamasını tamamlayacaktır.
as a means of legal identification: kanuni kimlik belirleme yöntemi olarak
Soru 35 : Having left my house earlier than I usually did, I wasn’t affected much by the bus strike.
A) As I had left home at an earlier time than usual, the bus strike didn’t affect me a lot.
B) Since I had left my house earlier than I should have, I had to wait for the bus
in vain.
C) I would have avoided the bus strike if I had left my house earlier.
D) I left the house quite early as usual yet, I still had a hard time because of the bus strike.
E) Although I left the house later than I usually did, I was not affected by the delay in the bus service.
Cevap 35 : A
Soru 36 : Sponsorship is being increasingly allowed in schools provided it is regarded as being _____with educational curricula.
A) predictable
B) compatible
C) considerate
D) decisive
E) provocative
Cevap 36 : B
Soru 37 : Advanced calculators, ______ their small size, can now solve very complicated scientific and mathematical problems.
A) in case
B) although
C) against
D) concerning
E) despite
Cevap 37 : E
Çözüm 37 : Advanced calculators, despite their small size, can now solve very complicated scientific and mathematical problems.
Gelişmiş hesap makineleri, küçük boyutlarına rağmen çok karmaşık bilimsel ve matematiksel problemleri şimdi çözebilir.
Soru 38 : If global warming ---- the polar ice caps, there ---- a rise in sea levels.
A) should melt / would have been
B) melts / will be
C) melted / were
D) is melting / would be
E) was melting / should be
Cevap 38 : B
Soru 39 : Recent technological advances in manned and unmanned undersea vehicles have (17) ............... some of the limitations of divers and diving equipment. Without a vehicle divers often became sluggish and their mental (18) ............... became limited. Because of undersea pressure which affected their speech organs, communication (19) ............... divers was difficult or impossible. But today most oceanographers make observations by means of instruments which are lowered into the ocean or from samples taken from the water. Direct observation of the ocean floor are made (20) ............... by divers but also by deep-diving submarines. Some of those submarines can dive to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at depths of fifteen thousand feet. Radio-equipped buoys can be operated by remote control (21) ............... information back to land-based laboratories, including data about water temperature, currents and weather
21.
A) televise
B) publish
C) announce
D) advertise
E) transmit E
Soru 40 : The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague ---, on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ---together.
A) would agree / had been heard
B) have agreed / have been heard
C) were agreed / will be heard
D) agreed / would be heard
E) had agreed / were heard
Cevap 40 : D
Çözüm 40 : Açıklama Bir “zaman uyumu” sorusu.”Simple Past Tense”lerin uyumu aranır. Birinci taraf “Past Simple” olursa 2. boşlukta “would” zaman yapısı kullanılır.
Soru 41 : The water hydration will usually be evolved in large amounts, ______ absorbed water will only be present in trace amounts.
A) whereas B) in case C) if
D) instead of E) since
Cevap 41 : A
Çözüm 41 : A) whereas : oysa, halbuki, mademki
Soru 42 : (I) Morality has, to a considerable degree, become secularised. (II) Morals are no longer regarded as absolute, final or unchangeable. (III) This not to minimise institutional religion or discount the value of individual belief. (IV) Rather, they are seen as man-made and as such as variable from community to community, and from group to group. (V) The real test of morality has come to be whether or not it contributes to the social good.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Cevap 42 : C
Soru 43 : The Tourism Application Committee had been ____with making sure that state tourism policy is well implemented.
A) charged
B) improved
C) sicken
D) reacted
E) talked
Cevap 43 : A
Soru 44 : Local authorities have always given ______ importance to the improvement recreational facilities.
A) any B) enough
C) too D) such
E) many
Cevap 44 : B
Çözüm 44 : to give some importance: biraz önem vermek
• The municipalities give enough importance to historical places.
Soru 45 : Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid under pressure in strong tanks. ................ That makes hydrogen useful in industry and for heating homes. However, liquid hydrogen storage tanks are really too heavy to carry on vehicles.
A) There is a very small amount of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere, but it cannot be easily separated from other gases
B) Therefore, they think that hydrogen is such a good fuel that it will one day replace all the fuels used at present
C) It can be transported from one place to another by pipes
D) Besides, like all liquid or gaseous fuels, hydrogen can be dangerous
E) Unfortunately, these methods are expensive.
Cevap 45 : C
Soru 46 : Surely no one on the Council would ____ to dispute the situation.
A) dash
B) debate
C) dare
D) defer
E) defeat
Cevap 46 : C
Soru 47 : The causes of World War II were rooted in the peace
settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had
created as many problems as it had solved. The
senior Allied heads of state yielded to demands that
involved annexing German territory and creating new
states out of the eastern European empires. In doing
so, the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and
conflict. The Versailles treaty and its champions,
such as US President Woodrow Wilson, proclaimed
the principle of self-determination for the peoples of
eastern and southern Europe. Yet the new states
created by the treaty crossed ethnic boundaries,
involved political compromises, and frustrated many
of the expectations they had raised. The unsteady
new boundaries would be redrawn by force in the
1930s. The Allied powers also kept up the naval
blockade against Germany after the end of World
War I. This forced the new German government to
accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its
political power in Europe. The blockade and its
consequences created grievances that made the
German people feel angry and completely humiliated.
As pointed out in the passage, the new states in
eastern Europe, created in accordance with the
Versailles treaty, ----.
A) became the source of many problems in Europe
and caused much disillusionment
B) were protected by the Allied powers against a
possible German invasion
C) formed an alliance in order to resist Germany’s
territorial demands
D) maintained their independence until the start of
World War II
E) did their best to be on good terms with Germany
and so pursued a pro-German policy
Cevap 47 : D
Çözüm 47 : Parçada ana fikri destekleyen açık bir yargıyı bulmamız istenmektedir. Parçadaki “The causes of World War II were rooted in the peace settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had created as many problems as it had solved...” İfadelerinden Versay Antlaşmasının tam bir hezimet olduğu ve 1. Dünya savaşına yol açtığı verilmektedir. Bunu en iyi veren “D” şıkkındaki ifadedir.
Soru 48 : We often say the weather in the UK is ____ , sunny one moment, rainy the next!
A) changeable
B) carnivore
C) celestial
D) chaotic
E) challenging
Cevap 48 : A
Soru 49 : Self help and relaxation techniques play an important role in relieving anxiety symptoms.
A) Kendi kendinize yardım ve rahatlama teknikleri, kaygı belirtilerini hafifletmede önemli bir rol oynar.
B) Kendi kendinize yardımın ve rahatlama tekniklerinin kaygı belirtilerini yok etmedeki rolü çok büyüktür.
C) Kaygı belirtilerini yok etmede, kendi kendinize yardım önemli rol oynar ve rahatlama teknikleri de kaygıyı hafifletir.
D) Kaygı belirtilerini hafifletmede kendi kendinize yardım etmek ne kadar önemliyse rahatlama teknikleri de o kadar önemlidir.
E) Kaygı belirtilerinin üstesinden kendi kendinize gelebilir veya rahatlama tekniklerini kullanabilirsiniz.
Cevap 49 : A
Soru 50 : Firms in the same industry usually _____ with one another throughout the world.
A) realize
B) compete
C) punish
D) register
E) apply
Cevap 50 : B
Çözüm 50 : yarışmak, rekabet etmek, çekişmek, mücâdele etmek
